As a follow up on inline diode charging system,the DC voltage output is usually 1.1-1.5v lower than AC stator output,this is due to internal voltage drop in diode,most 1.5-5A charging systems are unregulated,the actual DC charging voltage/current is determined by specific gravity/resistance of acid in battery as this changes with level of battery charge & condition of battery cells as acid acts as a half fast regulator for alt output,when battery new & all cells in good condition acid limits voltage/current charge to battery,as battery ages & cell(s) get weak due to internal breakdown of cell plates & cell(s) can't accept a full charge the gravity/resistance of acid changes along with AH capacity of battery,this will allow a higher voltage/current flow to battery up to max voltage/current rateing of charging system,in some cases it may blow the inline diode.
The major problem with an unregulated system is it tends to shorten battery life due to overcharging as battery being charged all the time,many tractor mfg will spec DC alt output to 3-5A,if tractor has an electric pto they will install a dropping resistor on pto sw to limit charge voltage/current to battery when pto off,then resistor is bypassed when pto turned on to provide max voltage/current to clutch/battery or if mower manual engage they will install a current limiting resistor in wiring harness/at ign sw to limit max charge current to battery.
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