Depends on engine, rear axle ratio, and transmission first gear ratio. An automatic is prefferred by the truck makers because the torque converter gives nearly a 2:1 ratio on top of the 3:1 in the transmission.
On my '98 F-150 with 4.6L V-8, 5 speed with 3.92 first gear, and the original 3.08 axle it was rated at 6500 pounds Gross Combination Weight (GCW) or 2200 pounds of trailer. With a 4.11 axle I rate it at 9900 pounds GCW and 4700 pounds trailer and load. I've pulled more, weighing 11000 pounds across the scale once. 9900 pounds GCW is comfortable, I wouldn't want to climb mountains with that load.
I figure with a typical 5 liter engine you want the produce of the first gear ratio and the rear axle ratio to be at least 16, but 20 is better. I had a '86 F150 with a 6.5:1 first gear and a 3.50 rear axle and it towed well, but needed an overdrive for the 5L engine.
I had a '65 F350 with a 390, a 7.5:1 first gear and a 5.13 rear axle from a bigger truck and I never did find its towing limit. Probably limited by traction and not enough weight on the duals. With traction, probably 20,000 pounds.
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Today's Featured Article - Tractor Implements and Their Use - by Curtis Von Fange. Dad was raised during the depression years of the thirties. As a kid he worked part time on a farm in Kansas doing many of the manual chores. Some of the more successful farmers of that day had a new time saving device called a tractor. It increased the farm productivity and, in general, made life easier because more work could be done with this 'mechanical beast'. My dad dreamed that some day he would have his own tractor with every implement he could get. When he reached his early sixties
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