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Dave, I assume you're referring to a "stick" welder, since it's not practical to add cable to a TIG or MIG welder. Stick welders are considered to constant current sources; that is regardless of the load, the output current will be constant. (The same is true of TIG welders, while MIG welders are considered to be constant voltage sources.) This brings up a valid question: "Why do I need crank up the current on the welder when I add cable, if it's supposed to be a constant current source?" The answer is that the welder is not a true constant current source. If it was, the stinger would start arcing all around the room as soon as you turned on the welder, because a true constant current source would put out a bazillion volts or whatever was required to start the arc going. Actually, the welder is neither a true constant voltage nor a true constant current source. When you add cable, you effectively change the output impedance of the welder, which requires you to adjust the current setting to get the same current as before. I could go into further detail, but it's really not necessary. The main point is that from an electrical point of view, it doesn't matter if you put the small cable at the stinger end or the welder end of the cable. You will get the same current and voltage at the stinger in either case.
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