There are many variables. One is that horsepower specs are not all based on the same thing. Some, especially with HD engines, are expressed with full-time hard use in mind and the engines are often derated. In fact, many are rated for the HP they make within their peak torque-curve only. Car and light truck engines are often expressed with peak power, not what they can sustain under constant use without falling apart.
Then of course there is SAE NET, SAE Gross, etc.
You asked if in theory, a 305 horse auto engine can do more work than a 180 horse tractor engine. The answer is yes, but only for certain jobs and only if longevity doesn't count. The 180 horse engine is apt to do more overall work in its life. To be technical, if both are rated with the same forumla, the 305 horse engine will do more work then the 180 horse engine until it craps out. In regard to your nine shank chisel plow? If the 350 horse Dodge-Cummins was hooked to it, it certainly would pull it at a certain speed if all was geared properly. I don't have specs here, but I assume it has to run at much higher RPMs to make that 350 horse than the 180 horse engine in the tractor. I'm also going to assume that if you did such a thing, the 350 horse engine would not last near as long at the 180 horse tractor engine. For hard pulling, I'd pay much more attention to cubic inches and peak torque then any HP specs.
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