Timing near TDC starts easier, less kick back. Advancing the timing as engine speed increases, keeps the firing at a better time to make the best use of the power stroke, the fire is sooner so pressure in the cylinder builds higher while the piston is nearer the top of the down stroke, and the gas expansion is used for a longer duration of the stroke.
An engine can run without advance but will not develop its potential and there would be a lot of wasted heat out the exhaust.
Some engines use just centrifugal, some use both centrifugal and vacuum. Using both can allow finer tuning of the optimum time to induce the firing as intake system vacuum, not just engine speed is taken into account. There is a lot more to it if you want to study it, but this is some basic info.
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Today's Featured Article - New Life for an Old Allis - by Tyler Woods. My friend Jon, has an old '39 Allis Chalmers B. He thought it a marginal tractor that had long since served its time. She smoked terribly and never had much power but he couldn't afford another so he was limping along with what he had. Jon's Allis has a small front loader and though it doesn't carry much, it serves his needs. It was the hard starting and low power that made him think it was time to replace the old girl. Jon called me to help him discover why his tractor wouldn't start
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