Your generator might have an unregulated DC output. As for the 48 volt measurement, that would be unusual for a GOOD battery. I suspect your battery is bad.
If you look up the part for the rectifier, is it described as a "rectifier" or a "regulator/rectifier"? If it's the former, most likely it's unregulated. If it does use a rectifier/regulator, note that most small engines use a "shunting" regulator. A shunting regulator shorts out the alternator output each time it exceeds the regulated voltage. Typically the alternator has a three-phase output, so this happens three times per engine revolution (maybe six times per rev, depending on the design). It takes a finite length of time for the solid state switches in the regulator to turn on, which would explain the spikes visible on your friend's scopemeter. You would not see them if the battery was good and you had a good connection to the battery.
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Today's Featured Article - My Ford Golden Jubilee - by Troy Estes. This article is about my '53 Ford Jubilee and a story that starts with taking the tractor to my brother's Starter/Alternator Rebuilding shop for a wiring fix. The generator was shot as well as all the wiring. I dropped off the tractor expecting a transformation from a 6 volt to a 12 volt system utilizing the original generator housing, and a total rewiring of the whole tractor. The front end center pin bushing was worn also so I ask that they replace it if they had time. Well, that�s wha
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