There are NO standards for premium diesel. USUALLY.. if 3 out of 5 factors are improved, it can be called premium diesel... But again, there is NO agreed upon standard for premium diesel and anyone can call anything premium.
Cetane...Once the cetane level is high enough, adding more cetane will NOT improve the combustion process. Cetane does control the highest rpm that the engine can achieve, but almost all diesels are limited much much lower in rpms. Only racing diesels need higher cetane. If the cetane is high enough for your engine, adding more does not help. It is generally agreed that 40 to 43 is high enough for all current generation of diesel out there. And in spite of some recommending higher cetane, in reality almost all fuel delivered is around 45 cetane although its guaranteed to exceed 40 to 43 pending on the states requirements. Again running higher cetane will do NOTHING to help power or cleanliness, once the diesel reached a certain point.
Lubriosity... extra low sulfur diesel does have less lubriosity that old diesel. However modern diesels are designed with that in mind. You can or cannot add a lubricant to the diesel to extend the life of the injector pumps. Most pumps are damaged by water or dirt contamination that contributes to wear anyway.
Cold flow characteristics and Jelling preventatives... Important in winter, but the dealers usually switch over to winter diesel which is a mix of #2 and #1 diesel, designed for your area. THESE mixtures will have LOWER power than summer diesel, along with a lower pour point and resisting the paraffin/complex carbon molecules from linking up in the filters. So this is really two parameters.
Cleaning additives... help clean the injectors. may contribute to higher wear is too high or used too often.
So.. again, if you can meet 3 of these 5 specs, you suppositly can call it premium, but there is NO agency currently with an official spec for premium. Its more of a marketing gimmic with maybe a little bit of realisum behind it.
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