More common than is known is when equipotential does not exist. First appreciate how electricity works. Lightning is a plasma path that does nothing until that path is constructed. Then an electric current in microseconds (too fast for any high speed camera) connects a cloud three miles up to earthborne charges (via earth) maybe four miles distant. Four legged animals are at risk. Since a shorter path through earth can be up hind legs and down fore legs. Milk production can be adversely affected.
To appreciate this, find papers from (if I remember correctly) Dr Mary Ann Coopper from U of Illinois.
Equipotential means that current in on a path that need not pass underneath a cow or anywhere inside a barn. For example, a buried copper wire surrounding a barn means no current passes through ground beneath that barn. IOW equipotential exists as current takes a better conductive path around the barn. Then a voltage difference does not exist between cow legs.
Faults in AC electricity can also create these currents that hurt animals. Another reason for making a better earth ground so as to create equipotential.
Best time to avert this problem was when footing were poured for that barn using an Ufer ground.
A high speed camera cannot record what happens during those microseconds that a current flows.
Wires or pipes also must connect to that single point ground before entering. Otherwise equipotential is compromised.
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