Salts lower the freezing point of a solvent expressed by the formula DT =Kf*B*I
where DT is the change in freezing point compared to the pure solvent (water in this case)
Kf is a constant for the solvent
B is the molal concentration of the salt in solution (more salt = higher number)
and I is the van't Hoff factor which is the number of ions given up my each molecule of salt (NaCl = 2, CaCl2 = 3)
Do the math and to increase the DT you either need to increase your salt concentration or use a salt that gives up more ions in solution. Calcium Chloride depresses freezing point 50% further using the same amount of salt. Eventually it gets so cold that you can't economically melt ice.
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Today's Featured Article - The Nuts and Bolts of Fasteners - Part 2 - by Curtis Von Fange. In our previous article we discussed capscrews, bolts, and nuts along with their relative hardness and thread sizes. In this segment we will finish up on our fasteners and then work with ways to keep them from loosening up in the field. Capscrews, bolts and nuts are not the only means of holding two parts together. When dealing with thinner metals like sheet tin, a long bolt and
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