Depends. If you were measuring distance with a steel tape/chain then there is an equation you have to calculate based on temperature to determine stretch/shrinkage of the metal.
When shooting elevation with a transit & rod, you rock the rod to figure out the mean reading and then calculate elevation from that. Curvature of the earth wouldn't be an issue because you cannot accurately read a rod from that far of a distance.
Now days the transit and rod is used on lots, but not large surveys. You would use a total station that shoots a laser beam at a prism to shoot distance & elevation in one shot. Some of the units are robotic and the total station sits over a bench mark and one guy can walk around take all the shots he needs by himself. I believe the won't shoot more than 1/4 mile because accuracy is reduced the farther out from the base you are.
Other method is GPS, but that can be temperamental at times and it is used when you need to be a great distance from the base point since the GPS receiver with the man doesn't need a direct line of site to the base unit like the other methods mentioned.
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Today's Featured Article - The Day Mom Drove the 8N - by Brian Browning. My Dad was wanting to put in a garden but couldn't operate the 8N and handle the old horse drawn plow he had found and rigged up to use with the tractor. Well, he decided to go get Mom out of the house and have her drive the tractor while he walked behind the plow. You got to understand that while my Mom is a hard worker who will always help whenever she can... she had never operated farm machinery before that day. Dad got her out there, explained how the clutch was the same as in our o
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