At the turn of the 1800s to 1900s, single cylinder gasoline and gasious fueled engines became popular for stationary work. These engines were 5 to 10 times larger than a similarly sized small engine of today. they were crude, and the intake systems often had a wick or atmospheric (weak spring) operated fuel mixing system. these worked at good engine speeds (less than 750 in most cases) but there was insufficient control and mixing at idle speeds, or to run at partial power even at full speed. The ignition systems, and valve systems were used to prevent overspeeding. The ignition was prevented from sparking when the speed was as set. this resulted in a misfire for that stroke set. (some 2stroke, some 4 stroke). as the speed slowed due to friction, or load being applied, the spark was allowed to fire and power was produced. In a similar way the exhaust valve was held open (or intake remained shut in some) to adjust power/speed output to meet demand. The fuel was cheap, and the dramatic pollution of unburned fuel was only tears in the operators eyes, not a global issue. A flyball governor was used in most cases to maintain the speed as set by the operator, by blocking breaker point or ignitor electrodes from operation, or blocking valve activity by moving the pushrod away from the rocker (or similar dysfunction) . The term Balls Out, (commonly used today to describe high level output), is based on the idea of the flyball governor opening the throttle, or allowing every firing stroke, on these old engines when its governor "balls" were swinging in wide open position (way beck to steam based stationary plants. Jim
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Today's Featured Article - The Nuts and Bolts of Fasteners - Part 2 - by Curtis Von Fange. In our previous article we discussed capscrews, bolts, and nuts along with their relative hardness and thread sizes. In this segment we will finish up on our fasteners and then work with ways to keep them from loosening up in the field. Capscrews, bolts and nuts are not the only means of holding two parts together. When dealing with thinner metals like sheet tin, a long bolt and
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