To put it simply, a 12 volt battery needs to be charged at 15.5 to 16 volts to break down sulphation. That's what the better chargers do when put into "equalization" mode.
When a battery is "dead", i.e. down to 10.5 volts the plates are then covered with lead-sulfate. If charged back up in a reasonable amount of time, that lead-sulfate falls apart since it's a soft material. But . . let a battery sit for a long time while discharged and the lead-sulfate turns into hard crystals. A standard battery charger that barely reaches 14 volts cannot break it apart. This "over-volting" called "equalization" breaks down lead-sulfate crystals and also stratafies the acid - i.e. mixes it up.
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Today's Featured Article - The Nuts and Bolts of Fasteners - Part 2 - by Curtis Von Fange. In our previous article we discussed capscrews, bolts, and nuts along with their relative hardness and thread sizes. In this segment we will finish up on our fasteners and then work with ways to keep them from loosening up in the field. Capscrews, bolts and nuts are not the only means of holding two parts together. When dealing with thinner metals like sheet tin, a long bolt and
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