From a materials perspective, a keyway/spline is a stress riser due to the sharp corners at the bottom of the "trench." An axle with one keyway is significantly stronger than one with two. Also, the single keyways would cause the key to shear rather than the axle to break.
As a kid I read an article in Farm Show magazine about quickly repairing the axle on a 400 or 450. IIRC, they dragged the tractor home on a log behind a pickup truck, cut a hole in the axle housing, dressed up the axle stubs with a grinder, shoved the axle back in and welded it up right inside the housing.
I think broken axles on the 400/450 tractors were a somewhat common thing. Not epidemic like the 560 bearing problems, but common enough that people had heard of it happening.
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Today's Featured Article - Product Review: Electronic Ignition - by Staff. Oil, for example has come a long way in the last 50 years and I don't use anything but the latest API grade available. I've heard the arguments for non-detergent oils but would never trade it for today's formulations. Paint is another, the modern acrylic enamels are great for resistance to grease and fuel stains, retaining their shine and they last forever; unlike enamels and lacquers . Still another is the alternator. No doubt using the original generator keeps the tractor pure, but for thos
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