Years back, when I worked in the lumber yard, we had a nice fellow who ran the glazing/window shop, I used to help him when there were no deliveries, and besides new wood sash from the mill, he'd get all kinds of repair jobs come in, some of which remind me of what you describe.
You can break the bead around the panes and separate, clean, dry and seal up with butyl, he used to do this often, taking your time to clean all 4 surfaces of the glass, when looking at insulated glazing, you have the #1, #2, #3 & #4 surfaces. I'm not sure if once cleaned, dried and carefully sealed, that these were impermeable to moisture again, but the sealant was good quality. The metal piece that creates the space between the 2 pieces of glass used to have these small round ball grains to absorb moisture, from the factory, so I assume once exposed, they too could dry or absorb moisture, which could fog a window pane when it got hot or cold, more so in extreme temperatures. There is a lot to know about glazing, that is for sure.
I'd probably not use that method, thought this guy was an old timer who spent many years working for Marvin windows, he did it to help those that could not spend a lot of money for a repair.
If you can de-glaze the sash, measure what is called the "day light opening" and allow for some space between the new glazing and the sash frame, the old lite (glazing)will provide you the measurement to order new glazing from a glass supplier, probably best to just re-glaze the sash.
A lot of people replace windows in some circumstances that don't necessarily require a whole new window unit, depends on what you have and how it was installed, old double hung wood sash. with single panes are obviously not a high performance window, however if you are in a historic or landmark district, you may be required to keep them. I've seen people at planning and zoning meetings who have gone so far as to buy new replacement windows but were prohibited to install them due to historic zoning regulations, and now have a stack of windows that they can't use (ususally in urban and or city areas) having bought them thinking that the old windows could not be repaired, and somehow they could get an approval because no one deals with wood sash anymore, they are what they are, but any decent craftsman can repair those, we used to do a lot of wood sash repair at this place.
If your windows are a decent type and are installed correctly, glazing replacement is cost effective, if they are poor performers, then it's wise to replace.
I reglazed a wood bow window with 12 lites about 8 years ago, totally rebuilt the arc radius sill, and even made up 2 new bottom rails for the 2 bottom operating lites, once reglazed, and set with glazing compound, no air infiltration, lites were insulated and the repairs to the bottom rails of the operating lites came out precise, I made them on a table saw after one try, local contractor said the unit had to be replaced, I said BS, I know it could be repaired and did it myself, I used pressure treated wood and painted it, on the west side where all the weather and sun is dominant, 8 years later, I am sure happy with it.