OT---Simple Electrical Question?

Jiles

Well-known Member
No Big deal, but I have often wondered why American household voltage has different descriptions---
110V
115V
120V

Can someone explain this?
 
(quoted from post at 21:22:04 09/11/11) No Big deal, but I have often wondered why American household voltage has different descriptions---
110V
115V
120V

Can someone explain this?
hings change with time & old habits die slowly
 
depends if the ground plug is top, bottom, or sideways... :shock:

Just kiddin.......Looking forward to that explanation myself....
 
Each of these ratings are the same appliance/circuit. Over the years as more loads are placed on the same conductors, more electricity is used to account for the growing amount of loss across the conductors etc. The increase in the rating numbers is because the power system sends the electricity in slightly higher voltages to account for loss. I could give you numbers, but, you need to know that the power isn't sent to your home as 110, 115 or 120. It is sent as either 480 or 240, depending on the aberage loads of your community etc. It is transformed to 240 in many cases at the pole or ground transformer. It is the large round canister on the pole. The power is broken down at the panel to 120. The various numbers used to discribe the same circuit represent the higher rating that it is conducted across the wires, however, before I start on some type of essay.
 
(quoted from post at 20:43:09 09/11/11) you need to know that the power isn't sent to your home as 110, 115 or 120. It is sent as either 480 or 240, depending on the aberage loads of your community etc. It is transformed to 240 in many cases at the pole or ground transformer.



:?: :?: :?: I thought my underground was around 7,000v up to the ground transformer. I can't see 480 as being very efficient for feeder lines.
 
The underground to your transformer is probably 7200 Volts to
ground. That is a very common distribution voltage.
 

Back in the 50's our power company used to send customers a free magazine. "Electricity On The Farm". Back then it was 235/117.5. Remember anything plus or minus 10% will work.

Areo
 
No sir, my friend. A 240 line enters the panel, and as each leg is 120 volts, the 120 circuits merely take from one leg or the other. The transformer takes the high voltage 480volts and reduces it to 240 volts. Your electric stove, A/C etc use 240 volts.
 
In the NEC, the voltages specified as standard for use in calculations are 120 and 240 (plus others). Appliances may be marked 117 volts, or 115 volts. Today's equipment works OK at 115 to 125 volts. I have checked voltages as low as 90 volts in operating systems. Light bulbs are dim and coffee pots heat sloowly at 90. Many motors will soon be damaged at 90 volts. Electronics are in danger at about 127 volts. My house runs about 118 to 123 volts.
 
A better way to say this is that if the house was built a long time ago it would have been listed as a 110 volts/ If the same house were built today, it would be rated at 120 volts, though they are powered from the same source. The different numbers indicate what the circuit was rated at when the structure was built. Now the 120 volts is not exactly what is going through the wires in that circuit, though. The increase in voltage represents the increase in power sent to account for increased loss in the lines etc. On the other side of the equation is the house that was built to a 110 volt system is recieving the same power that the new house is recieving. The 110, 115, 120 are each the same circuit.
 
With all due respect I have to correct some of your statements....

YOU CLAIM

"It is sent as either 480 or 240, depending on the aberage loads of your community etc.

THATS NOT CORRECT

Typical single phase High Voltage Primary out on the utility poles is more like 7200 or 9600 volts, its NOT sent at either 240 or 480 volts depending on your community

YOU CLAIM

"It is transformed to 240 in many cases at the pole or ground transformer"

Thats more like it, at a pole mounted or pad mounted transformer the 7200 or 9600 volts is transformed to 120/240 volt single phase three wire service. Thats accomplished by a 240 volt secondary winding (L1 to L2 = 240 volts) but having a center tap whereby its only 120 volts from either line to the center tap which is earth grounded and becomes Neutral, i.e. a GrounDED conductor.

YOU CLAIM

"The power is broken down at the panel to 120"

I wouldnt call it "broken down" Inside the panel are L1 and L2 (240 volts line to line) and the Neutral. Its 240 volts L1 to L2 but ONLY 120 from L1 OR L2 to Neutral.

NOTE In industrial applications (but NOT residential) if the utility only wants to provide one building service, it may be 240 or 480 volts and then if you need 120 you use a dry transformer inside the building.

PS in years past typical home AC voltages were 110 then raised to 115 nowadays more like 120 but most appliances will work at any of those

Hope this helps

John T Retired Electrical Distribution Design Engineer
 
YOURE EXACTLY CORRECT Typical HV Primary voltages for residential service are 7200 or 9600 volts

John T Retired Electrical Engineer
 
John, thank you. I do realize that the 480 applications are industrial, but I regarding the 7200 or 9800 volts, I stand corrected. The rest is just my attempt to simplify. I realize that whereas each leg (L1, L2) are only 120, and each 120 circuit only draws from one leg, or the other. I do however, thank you for the volts sent numbers. I did not realize that that voltage had not been stepped down by the time it reached the local power lines.
 
WOW, THERE ARE some big time incorrect statements below, Teddy is correct, let me try to explain it for those here who dont understand basic residential wiring

THREE wires enter the typical residential main panel (plus a copper grounding electrode conductor in some cases) for what is referred to by electricians and engineeers and those in the trade as 120/240 volt Single Phase Three Wire Service. Thats two hots (L1 & L2) and a Neutral (A GrounDED conductor). The Neutral is derived from a center tap in the middle of the 240 volt SECONDARY winding and it is bonded to mother earth.

A typical residential HIGH VOLTAGE PRIMARY VOLTAGE is 7200 or 9600 volts and the pole or pad mount single phase transformer reduces that down to 240 volts SECONDARY, HOWEVER the center of that winding is tapped such that its ONLY 120 volts from EITHER line to the center tapped Neutral.

In the main home panel those three wires, L1,,, L2,,, and Neutral (A GrounDED conductor) are made available such that 120 or 240 volt loads can be fed. THERES NO REDUCTION OR STEP DOWN IN THE PANEL

Years past a typical service was 110 volts which got raised to 115 nowadays its closer to 120

Hope this helps those who are electrically challenged

Best wishes n God Bless

John T Retired Electrical Distributiion Design Engineer BSEE, JD
 
YOURE MOST WELCOME, thanks for the feedback

Although Im retired and rusty as an old nail on the latest NEC, I did this for a living for yearsssssssssss (plus a Purdue EE Graduate) and a body still remembers the basics

Take care now, thanks

John T
 
Local distribution primary voltage is typically 4.8/8.3KV around here.
13.8KV,27KV and 44KV is usually supplied to the substations at the edge of towns. The voltage is then dropped to 4800/8300.
Main Distribution is 115KV,230KV and 500KV
 
John so explain why Edison is called the fater of but Tesler is not in the picture when Edison was for DC current but Tesler won out with AC current. Ya little known fact of how ZAPP-U-TRONS work
 

John,

Around here distribution is 2300 V and the

next step up is 33,000 V.

The 2300 uses a transformer with 10:1

turns ratio to make 230 V.

george
 
John so explain why Edison is called the fater of but Tesler is not in the picture when Edison was for DC current but Tesler won out with AC current. Ya little known fact of how ZAPP-U-TRONS work
 
Isn't the 240 and 480 line they're talking about on a different wire and on a different phase than the other two 120v lines? I have a piece of equipment that runs on three phase and was told the third line was not available where I live. I ended up having to run it off a phase converter.
 
Mornin Rich, heres the answer to your good question

Edison tried to use DC for long distance distribution but the I squared R Power losses (and huge copper cables) were too much to overcome. However, Tesla (I think George Westinghouse was also in the picture) proposed high voltage AC with far lower current and then used transformers to reduce it down to 120 or 240 volt. Tesla won becaue while you can transform AC YOU CANT TRANSFORM DC.

That may be little known among laymen but sparkies are well aware that Edisons DC distribution system was doomed to failure due to power losses and inefficiency and the cost of huge copper wires versus what Tesla proposed i.e. high voltage AC distribution with its low current and ability to use step down transformers.

There ya go

John T
 
1) Typical 3 phase secondary transformer voltage configurations are:

480 Y 277 volt three phase 4 wire (it has 480 three phase plus three legs of 277 volt single phase often used for lighting)

480 volt three phase three wire DELTA

2) Typical 240 volt three phase configurations are

120/240 volt three phase four wire center tapped Delta knows as high leg or red leg delta

240 volt three phase 3 wire DELTA

3) Typical 208 and 120 volt 3 phase

208 Y 120 volt three phase 4 wire it provides 208 three phase plus 3 legs of 120 volt single phase

THERES NOT ANY TYPICAL SERVICE THAT PROVIDES 480 AND 120 VOLT, IF YOU HAVE ONLY 480 YOU USE A DRY TRANSFORMER TO OBTAIN THE 120 OR 240

IF THE UTILITY ISNT PROVIDING THREE PHASE SERVICE THEN YES YOU MUST USE A PHASE CONVERTER

John T
 
Edison thought AC current would addle your brain,He wired up New York city with many DC power stations.Tesla was an odd bird who tried to move electricty around with out wires.Tesla went back to Russia and took all his paper work with him.Its never been found.Edison did light up New York city and his DC systems quickly spread across the US.Another man developed AC power,I think his name was Steinmetz.DeForest did not develope the vacumm tube, he improved the prior work of a fellow named Fleming.Edison improved on earlier work by other men on the light bulb.The fellow who discovered penicillan ignored his findings.Another fellow picked up on it 10 years later.
 
Edisons DC systems worked well in cities.Henry Ford worked for Edison.Edison told Henry to forget the gasoline auto.There is a letter that ridiculed Alexander Bell for his foolish idea on the telephone.Was written by a fellow Bell tried to borrow money from to start a telephone system.Rememeber Dick Tracys wrist radio and TV.
 
Our system runs 122 and 242 volts.I have an old refridgerater that wont start at 114 volts.Have to watch it on generator power.I have to make sure the generator supplies 118 volts to get dependable starts.Some things are critical on generator power.
 
You wont get far with 480 volts here.WE are 12 miles from the sub station.Factories did have 440 volts 3 phase when I worked in them.We have one sub station serving 5 rural towns.Call your power co and ask what voltage they run on rural lines.
 
We had a lightning strike here recently. It knocked out several transformers in the area. When the utility guy came out I asked him what the primary voltage in the area was. He said 23,000 volts. We are way out in the sticks. Only single phase power here.

Our transformer had a dead short. When he went to change the fuse a big fat (3" dia.) arc jumped about 16" accompanied by a loud buzzing sound. That knocked out the whole circuit for miles. What power.

Lightning destroyed most appliances at one neighbors house. We lost a gate opener board, another neighbor lost an invertor. No computers were harmed. The guy said lightning can be one million volts.
 
I'm sorry John but I still don't understand. I know that household AC service at the pole has two high voltage lines that go from positive to negative and opposite from each other. The way I understand it for me to get 220 three phase service, the electric company would have to run a third wire that was hot at a different time than the other two. I bought a used phase converter and was able to wire it up and it works. I would just like to understand how three phase works in case someday I have the service available.
 
(quoted from post at 10:07:42 09/12/11) I'm sorry John but I still don't understand. I know that household AC service at the pole has two high voltage lines that go from positive to negative and opposite from each other. The way I understand it for me to get 220 three phase service, the electric company would have to run a third wire that was hot at a different time than the other two. I bought a used phase converter and was able to wire it up and it works. I would just like to understand how three phase works in case someday I have the service available.

Single phase is a pair of wires. Three phase is 3 wires where the peaks & valleys of the sine waves are 120 degrees apart. Add neutrals/grounds/etc. and transformer configurations as required for the end result you need, but the BASIC is that there is one (single) phase voltage versus the three phases of voltage each 120 degrees from another.
 
OKay,,,,,the ONLY way you can get three phase low voltage secondary (like 240 3 phase) is if the HV Primary is also three phase and that means theres at least 3 (Delta) sometims 4 (Y) wires up on the HV utility primary.

A transformer can reduce voltage but it doesnt add or subtract phase i.e. single phase HV can be reduced to single phase LV, 3 phase HV = 3 phase LV or perhaps three legs of single phase.

If you see 3 or 4 wires up on the HV primary thats three phase but if you only see two thats single phase

You can still get three legs of single phase LV secondary from 3 phase HV primary which is why you may see 3 or 4 wires on the HV primary in a residential area. If its up there they can supply your home with single or 3 phase service but if only single phase is up there single phase is all you can get

John T
 
Ah but there was in fact a guy named DeForset that did in fact make the vacuum tube and his patents are or where held by RCA since RCA bought them all. I know this and am 100% sure because I did a term paper on the subject of the vacuum tube back when I was in high school and go a B + on the paper
 
Ford lived at Dearborn, Michigan while Edison had his laboratory at the time at Menlo Park, N.J.

Ford did work for an electrical generation company that bore the Edison name, i.e. Edison Illuminating Company, but not really for Edison.

The linked site tells differently about Edison's feelings about Ford's car. "Young man," he said, "that's the thing! You have it! Your car is self contained and carries its own power plant."

Edison was not the great inventor most everyone seems to think. Instead he was a developer. He would buy potential ideas and basic inventions and perfect them into a usable salable product. Buy for ¢¢¢¢ and sell for $$$$.

As to the light bulb, many were working on the development of a usable one just as many were building airplanes when the Wright brothers succeeded. Edison succeeded with an enduring bulb.
Edisons statement about Ford car.
 
You sure hit the nail on the head when you said Tesla was an odd character. Yes, he did experiment with transmitting electrical power without wires.

Tesla did work for Edison but was not given money promised to him and Edison basically wouldn't pay any attention to Tesla's work so he left the employment.

Tesla and Westinghouse to a point harnessed Niagara. Tesla was promised a cut from the sale of all power generated and was on the way to becoming a rich man when he was basically pushed out of his agreed to contract.

Tesla wasn't from Russia and didn't return there. He was born in Croatia and he died in New York City after having lived there many years.

Federal agents did seize his intellectual property as many of us have read because he was an alien, i.e. without U.S. citizenship. The Feds did copy all of the material.

Years later the papers were released to Tesla's heir, with all material shipped to Yugoslavia where today all material is in the Tesla Museum and is available for research.

The book "Empires of Light" featuring Tesla, Edison, and Westinghouse is a very interesting to read.
Tesla Musuem about Teslas papers.
 
John, I rarely take exception ot your responses as they are usually spot on. However, I have two issues with this response.

First with respect to DC for long distance transmission of power. In fact on the west coast there is a DC transmission line from the NW to southern California which is a thousand mile long 1 million volt line. The reason for DC is to avoid the corona losses that occur when sending high voltage AC.

Second is notion that DC can not be 'transformed' into another voltage. This is true in the sense that there is no simple equialent of a transformer, but devices like inverters which convert DC to AC and back do perform the same task - albeit with considerably more complexity.

"Keep up the great responses. I always enjoy reading them.

Mornin Rich, heres the answer to your good question

Edison tried to use DC for long distance distribution but the I squared R Power losses (and huge copper cables) were too much to overcome. However, Tesla (I think George Westinghouse was also in the picture) proposed high voltage AC with far lower current and then used transformers to reduce it down to 120 or 240 volt. Tesla won becaue while you can transform AC YOU CANT TRANSFORM DC.

That may be little known among laymen but sparkies are well aware that Edisons DC distribution system was doomed to failure due to power losses and inefficiency and the cost of huge copper wires versus what Tesla proposed i.e. high voltage AC distribution with its low current and ability to use step down transformers.

There ya go

John T"
 
(quoted from post at 14:11:42 09/12/11) John, I rarely take exception ot your responses as they are usually spot on. However, I have two issues with this response.

First with respect to DC for long distance transmission of power. In fact on the west coast there is a DC transmission line from the NW to southern California which is a thousand mile long 1 million volt line. The reason for DC is to avoid the corona losses that occur when sending high voltage AC.

Second is notion that DC can not be 'transformed' into another voltage. This is true in the sense that there is no simple equialent of a transformer, but devices like inverters which convert DC to AC and back do perform the same task - albeit with considerably more complexity.

"Keep up the great responses. I always enjoy reading them.

Mornin Rich, heres the answer to your good question

Edison tried to use DC for long distance distribution but the I squared R Power losses (and huge copper cables) were too much to overcome. However, Tesla (I think George Westinghouse was also in the picture) proposed high voltage AC with far lower current and then used transformers to reduce it down to 120 or 240 volt. Tesla won becaue while you can transform AC YOU CANT TRANSFORM DC.

That may be little known among laymen but sparkies are well aware that Edisons DC distribution system was doomed to failure due to power losses and inefficiency and the cost of huge copper wires versus what Tesla proposed i.e. high voltage AC distribution with its low current and ability to use step down transformers.

There ya go

John T"
ummmm....sometimes I wounder at the 'facts' presented. Corona is a function of voltage or more properly voltage gradient......not whether AC or DC. Plenty of corona discharge on HVDC transmission lines. It is taking great liberties with the meaning of "electrical transformer" to state that DC voltage can be 'transformed". Much closer to "DC voltage can be converted" from one voltage to another by using an inverter to first convert the DC to AC, transform the AC, then rectify the AC back to a DC voltage. That is not , in the vernacular of the electrical community, "transforming DC".
 
Fun chat, thanks for the post, heres my response.

I was referring to the common and trade uses (engineers and technicians) of the word TRANSFORM when I said DC can NOT be transformed which is true UNLESS you chop then transform then rectify it back to straight DC again BUTTTTTTTTT all thats not to TRANSFORM in the comnon use of the word.

Yes Im well aware DC can be distributed and at higher voltages theres less current and less losees. I was thinking more along the lines BEFORE (Edisons day) that was performed so much when bigger cables and lower voltages were used which was NOT very efficient.

Thats the trouble when you try to explain things to lay persons in lay terms and we obviously cant teach here in a paragraph what takes years to learn and fill entire libraries BUT HEY I TRY ME BEST LOL

Best wishes n God Bless

John T BSEE, JD
 
I agree, thats why I also posted you cant transform DC. Of course, you can chop then transform then rectify back to DC but I dont call all that A TRANSFORMER. We cant teach here in a sentenmce what takes years of study and entire libraries to describe and have to use techy terms at times but hey I TRY MY BEST to answer the questions

Fun chat, thanks for the postings

John T
 
Just to complicate things a little more, if you go back to the beginnings of electric power transmission you can find 2-phase systems. I am not old enough to have seen any of these except in a lab set-up and I doubt "Ole" John T is either. It is an intersting engineering measurement lab workshop though.

Kirk
2 Phase Power
 
Just got a book on Tesla.The is so much to get done before snow flies,the book will have to wait a while.
 
Enjoy. I've read several on the man and continue to be amazed by what he did and all that he didn't but had thought of.

Interest to read a book of his patents, but too far advanced for the average person to work with. The patent office even granted him a patent for a device to capture electricity from the ether.

The patent information below tells that he was a citizen.
Tesla ether electric gathering patent.
 
Old check your facts,Deforest applied for a patent on a diode vacuum tube in jan 1906.It was a variant of the Fleming diode invented 2 years earlier.Later Deforest added a third element to the tube.Some say he dicovered that the third element could control the electron flow in the tube.Some say he discovered this by accident.It appears that Fleming did not apply for a patent on his discovery,Fleming may have been in England.I got interested in radio in 1948 or so.At 18 I was doing TV service calls for Franklin Radio Co.The owner Peter Rometti had worked on the developement of radar.Pete was a skilled Machinest and had a metal lathe in the TV shop.He taught me the basics of running a metal lathe and using measureing tools.By the way Pete was called Edison in his high school year book.Color tv was just taking hold in the early 60s.My merories of what happened 60 years ago are growing dim but I do remembor Fleming was first with the vacuum tube.
 
The main contribution that Nikola Tesla made to commercial power distribution is NOT, as many would think "ac power". It is MULTI-PHASE power that Tesla invented and perfected. The three-phase power that is ubiquitous today is essentially unchanged from the three-phase power that Tesla and Westinghouse used in their Niagara Falls generation plant.

Tesla licensed his three-phase motor design to Westinghouse on a per-horsepower basis. When Westinghouse realized how successful multiphase power would become, and how much he'd have to pay Tesla in royalties, he asked Tesla to renegotiate the deal. Tesla felt indebted enough to Westinghouse that he simply signed over his patents Westinghouse, a decision that made the fabulously wealthy Westinghouse even richer.

Interestingly, the last bit of Edison's DC power distribution system in NYC was taken out of service just a few years ago. It was still powering elevators and escalators in a few old buildings.
 
Ya funny to think that there was in fact a way to get power and not have wires but the problem was with out the wires there was no way to charge for power so in turn no way to make any $$ from it. Wish I could still remember half of what I had read many years ago but when you study one thing for years then move on to the new you seem to loose what you knew at one time. I at one time knew how to play a mean game of Chess but have not played in a decade so I know I would not be near as good at it as I was.
 

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