Carefully check gov/throttle setup,looking at assembly drawing/parts list for eng there appears to be three springs associated with same,the throttle control has one spring & the gov arm has two springs connected to it,one is the actual gov balance spring & the other goes to arm on carb throttle shaft,check that all springs are intact & not broken/disconnected.
After that check that throttle shaft in carb operates freely & not stuck in full open position,if all springs intact/connected & throttle shaft operates freely,after eng starts grab cam on carb throttle shaft & hold at idle position,if eng speed high for normal idle speed or eng runs rough,misses or dies I would suspect an ign timing issue.
If a timing problem check that flywheel key not bent/sheared changeing ign timing,if key not damaged/intact problem may be in the ign system itself,looking at all the parts listed for ign system in assembly drawing/parts list this eng appears to have an all electronic ign system same/similar to the kohler smart spark system that advances/retards ign timing according to eng speed/load,if you have a problem in this system you'll need the service/repair manual for eng to troubleshoot.
As far as the eng starting issue,you may have starter speed problems due to elect problems on tractor/internal wear in starter or depending on mod yr of tractor you're dealing with an eng 15-22 yrs old & getting tired/low on compression due to cyl/ring wear,other worn parts,leaking head gasket(s) or carb/manifold air leak & the normal air/fuel mixture may be too lean for eng to fire.When you hit eng with ether you're giving eng a richer fuel mixture & probably raiseing compression enough for eng to fire/run.
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Today's Featured Article - Oil Bath Air Filters - by Chris Pratt. Some of us grew up thinking that an air filter was a paper thing that allowed air to pass while trapping dirt particles of a particles of a certain size. What a surprise to open up your first old tractor's air filter case and find a can that appears to be filled with the scrap metal swept from around a machine shop metal lathe. To top that off, you have a cup with oil in it ("why would you want to lubricate your carburetor?"). On closer examination (and some reading in a AC D-14 service manual), I found out that this is a pretty ingenious method of cleaning the air in the tractor's intake tract.
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